[1]
Sindern E., Haas J., Stark E., Wurster U.: Early onset MS under the age
of 16: clinical and paraclinical features. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86:
280-284.
[2]
Duquette. P., Murray T. J., Pleines J. et al. Multiple sclerosis in childhood:
clinical profile in 125 patients. J Pediatr 1987; 111: 359-363.
[3]
Selcen D., Anlar B., Renda Y.: Multiple sclerosis in childhood: report of 16
cases. Eur Neurol 1996; 36:79-84
[4]
Cole G.F., Stuart C.A.: A long perspective on childhood multiple sclerosis.
Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 661-666.
[5]
Simone I.L., Carrara D., Tortorella C. et al. Course and prognosis in
early onset MS. Comparison with adult-onset forms. Neurology 2002;
59:1922-1928
[6]
Ghezzi A., Pozzilli C., Liguori M. et al.: Prospective study of multiple
sclerosis with early onset. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 115-120
[7]
Boiko A., Vorobeychik G., Paty D. et al.: Early onset multiple sclerosis. A
longitudinal study. Neurology 2002; 59: 1006-1010.
[8]
Renoux C., Vukusic S., Mikaeloff Y. et al. for the Adult Neurology
Departments KIDMUS Study Group. Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis
with Childhood Onset. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2603-2613.
[9]
Chitnis T., Glanz B., Jaffin S., Healy B.: Demographics of pediatric-onset
multiple sclerosis in an MS center population from the Northeastern
United States. Mult Scler 2009; 00: 1-5.
[10]
Mikaeloff Y., Caridade G., Assi S. et al. Prognostic factors for early
severity in a childhood multiple sclerosis cohort. Pediatrics 2006; 118:
1133-1139.
[11]
Belman A.L., Chitnis T., Renoux C., Waubant E.: Challenges in the
classification of pediatric multiple sclerosis and future directions.
Neurology 2007; 68 (suppl.2): S70-74.
[12]
McDonald W.I., Compston A., Edan G., et al. Recommended diagnostic
criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on
the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50: 121-127.
[13]
Boiko A.N., Guseva M.E., Guseva M.R.: Clinico-immunogenetic
characteristics of multiple sclerosis with optic neuritis in children. J
Neurovirol. 2000; 6: S152-155.
[14]
Anlar B., Alikasifoglu M., Kose G. et al.: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene
polymorphism in children with multiple sclerosis. Neuropediatrics 2001;
32: 214-2116.
[15]
Ohlenbush A., Pohl D., Hanefeld F.: Myelin oligodendrocyte gene
polymorphism and childhood multiple sclerosis. Pediatr Res 2002; 52:
175-79.
[16]
Forrester M.B., Coleman L., Kornberg A.J.: Multiple Sclerosis in
Childhood: Clinical and Radiological Features. J Child Neurol 2009; 24;
56-64.
[17]
Tardieu M., Mikaeloff Y.: Multiple sclerosis in children. Int MS J 2004; 11:
36-42.
[18]
Banwell B., Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A et al. Multiple sclerosis in children:
clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions. Lancet
Neurol 2007; 6: 887-902
[19]
Correale J., Tenembaum S.N.: Myelin basic protein and myelin
oligodendrocyte glycoprotein T-cell repertoire in childhood and juvenile
multiple sclerosis Mult Scler 2006; 12: 412-422.
[20]
Rostasy K., Withut E., Pohl D. et al.: Tau, phospho-tau, and S-100B in
the cerebrospinal fluid of children with multiple sclerosis. J Child Neurol
2005; 20: 822-825.
[21]
Krupp L.B., Banwell B., Tenembaum S. et al. International Pediatric MS
Study Group. Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple
sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology 2007; 68(16 Suppl. 2): S7-
S12.
[22]
Ruggieri M., Polizzi A., Pavone L., Grimaldi L.M.E.: Multiple sclerosis in
children under 6 years of age. Neurology 1999; 53: 478-484.
[23]
Cole G.F., Auchterlonie L.A., Best P.V.: Very early onset multiple sclerosis.
Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 667-672.
[24]
Ghezzi A.: Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis with early onset
Neurol Sci 2004; 25: S336-S339
[25]
Simone I.L. , Carrara D., Tortorella C., Ceccarelli A., Livrea P.: Early onset
multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2000; 21:S861-S863
[26]
Haliloglu G., Anlar B., Aysun S. et al.: Gender Prevalence in Childhood
Multiple Sclerosis and Myasthenia Gravis. J Child Neurol 2002; 17: 390-
394
[27]
Atzori M., Battistella P.A., Perini P. et al: Clinical and diagnostic aspects of
multiple sclerosis and acute monophasic encephalomyelitis in pediatric
patients: a single centre prospective study. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 363-
372.
[28]
Ness J.M., Chabas D., Sadovnick A.D. et al. : for the International
Pediatric MS Study Group: Clinical features of children and adolescents
with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007; 68 (suppl.2): S37-45.
[29]
Dale R.C., de Sousa C., Chong W.K. et al.: Acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and
multiple sclerosis in children. Brain 2000; 123: 2407-2422.
[30]
Gusev E., Boiko A., Bikova O. et al.: The natural history of early onset
multiple sclerosis: comparison of data from Moscow and Vancouver. Clin
Neurol Neurosurg 2002; 104: 203-207.
[31]
Barkhof F., Rocca M., Francis G. I wsp.: Validation of diagnostic magnetic
resonance imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis and response to
interferon beta-1a. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 718-24.
[32]
Hahn C.D., Shroff M.M., Blaser S.I., Banwell B.L.: MRI criteria for
multiple sclerosis. Evaluation in a pediatric cohort. Neurology 2004; 62:
806-808.
[33]
Dastgir J., DiMario Jr. F.J. : Acute Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions in
a Pediatric Patient With Known Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Review
of the Literature and Treatment Proposal. J Child Neurol 2009; 24: 431-
439.
[34]
Belopitova L., Guergueltcheva P.V., Bojinova V.: Definite and suspected
multiple sclerosis in children: long-term follow-up and magnetic
resonance imaging findings. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 317-324.
[35]
Zgorzalewicz M: Stwardnienie rozsiane u dzieci i młodzieży. Aktualności
Neurol 2003; 2: 137-144.
[36]
Frederiksen J.L., Petrera J., Larsson H.B.W.: Serial MRI, VEP, SEP and
biotesiometry in acute optic neuritis: value of baseline results to predict
the development of new lesions at one year follow-up. Acta Neurol
Scand 1996; 93: 246-252.
[37]
Kryst-Widźgowska T., Ignatowicz R.: Magnetic resonance imaging in
evaluation of demyelinating changes of CNS in children. Neur Dziec
1993; 2: 73-81.
[38]
Dan B., Christiaens F., Christophe C., Dachy B.: Transcranial magnetic
stimulation and other evoked potentials in pediatric multiple sclerosis.
Pediatr Neurol 2000; 22: 136-138.
[39]
Nishikawa M., Ichiyama T., Hayashi T. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin
therapy in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatr Neurol 1999;
21: 583-586.
[40]
Młodzikowska-Albrecht J., Steinborn B.: Leczenie immunomodulujące
stwardnienia rozsianego o wczesnym początku. Neurol Dziec 2005; 28:
51-58.
[41]
Śmigielska-Kuzia J., Sobaniec W., Kułak W. et al.: Aktualne dane na
temat zastosowania interferonu w leczeniu stwardnienia rozsianego u
pacjentów wieku rozwojowego. Nerol Neurochir Pol. 2004; 38: S45-51.
[42]
Mikaeloff Y., Moreau T., Debouverie M. et al. Interferon-beta treatment
in patients with childhood-onset multiple sclerosis. J Pediatr 2001; 139:
443-446.
[43]
Tenembaum S., Martin S., Fejeman N.: Disease-modifying therapies in
childhood a juvenile multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2001; 7: S57.
[44]
Pohl D., Rostasy K., Hanefeld F. :The use of interferon-beta-1a (Rebif) in
children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004; 10:
S250, P610.
[45]
Ghezzi A., Amato M. P., Capobianco M. et al. and ITEMS
(Immunomodulatory Treatment of Early onset MS) Group: Diseasemodifying
drugs in childhood-juvenile multiple sclerosis: results of an
Italian cooperative study. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 420-426.
[46]
Kurtzke J.F. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an
expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983;33:1444-
1452.